Table of Contents generated with DocToc

• Introduction
• Node.js Fundamentals
• Asynchronous Programming
• Web Server and Application Deployment
• Testing Node Applications
• MongoDB, Mongoose and Rest API
• Handling File Uploads
• Realtime Applications

Introduction

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome’s V8 JavaScript engine. Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient.

Official Course PDF Guide
Official Documentation

JavaScript is a single threaded programming language. However, node.js uses other threads using C++ behind the scenes to provide non-blocking capabilities such as handling callbacks and promises.

Node.js Fundamentals

• Requiring your own files

  // uses relative paths
  const notes = require('./notes.js'); 
  

• Module
  • available to all files
  • node uses CommonJS modules

    $ node
    > module
    Module {
    id: '<repl>',
    exports: {},
    parent: undefined,
    filename: null,
    loaded: false,
    children: [],
    paths:
     [ '/Users/anuragkapur/tech-stuff/workspace/ak/anuragkapur.github.io/repl/node_modules',
     '/Users/anuragkapur/tech-stuff/workspace/ak/anuragkapur.github.io/node_modules',
     '/Users/anuragkapur/tech-stuff/workspace/ak/node_modules',
     '/Users/anuragkapur/tech-stuff/workspace/node_modules',
     '/Users/anuragkapur/tech-stuff/node_modules',
     '/Users/anuragkapur/node_modules',
     '/Users/node_modules',
     '/node_modules',
     '/Users/anuragkapur/.node_modules',
     '/Users/anuragkapur/.node_libraries',
     '/usr/local/lib/node' ] }
    

• Exporting to module

  module.exports.age = 25;
  

module.exports.addNote = () => {
    console.log('addNote');
}

add = (a, b) => a + b;

square = x => x * x;

module.exports = {
  add,
  square
};

• String formatting with variables (ES6)

  console.log(`Sum of numbers = ${result}`);
  

• Initialise npm module

  $ npm init
  

• Install npm module ``` npm install

// save in package.json - done by default in npm version >= 5.0 npm install --save

// install as a global utility - doesn’t add to the project specific package.json npm install --global

// install as a dev dependency only npm install --save-dev

* node_modules directory shouldn't be committed to git

* nodemon - dev utility to automatically restart app when there are code changes        
https://www.npmjs.com/package/nodemon 
  -  nodemon - doesn't watch template (hbs) files by default, include them using

nodemon server.js -e js, hbs

* Accessing command line args
```javascript
process.argv 

• == vs === === does not do type conversion before doing the comparison

  > if (2 == '2') console.log('equal'); else console.log('not');
  equal
  undefined
  > if (2 === '2') console.log('equal'); else console.log('not');
  not
  

• yargs - utility module to handle command line arg parsing https://www.npmjs.com/package/yargs

• ES6 JSON variables can skip value if it is same as key

  {
  title: title,
  body: body
  }
  

  is same as

  {
  title,
  body
  }
  

• Debugging via command line

  node inspect <filename>
  

  • n for next
  • c for continue
  • repl enter into repl at the current debug state
  • debugger; add this to application code to add a break point
• Debugging via chrome dev tools Add debugger statement to relevant line of code to act as a break point,

  node inspect <filename>
  

  Next, go to chrome://inspect

• ES6 arrow functions don’t bind to the this keyword ```javascript const user = { name: ‘Anurag’, sayHi: () => { console.log(Hi, I'm ${this.name}); } }

user.sayHi();

Prints:    
Hi, I'm undefined    

Alternate to the above:
```javascript
const user = {
    name: 'Anurag',
    sayHi: () => {
        console.log(`Hi, I'm ${this.name}`);
    },
    sayHiAlt () {
        console.log(`Hi, I'm ${this.name}`);
    }
    
 }

user.sayHiAlt();

• Object Destructuring

  var user = {name: 'Anurag Kapur', location: 'London'};
  var {name, location} = user;
  

• Working with time https://momentjs.com/

Asynchronous Programming

• All functions get added to call stack before execution
• Event loop pushes items from the Callback queue to the call stack, only when the call stack is empty

• Promises provide clearer semantics and code readability compared to callbacks ```javascript // typical callback usage doWorkCallback((error, result) => { if (error) { return console.log(error); }

  console.log(result); });

// typical promise usage doWOrkPromise.then((result) => { console.log(result); }).catch((error) => { console.log(error); });

* Promise chaining instead of nesting
```javascript
add(1, 2).then((sum) => { 
    console.log(sum);  // Will print 3 return add(sum, 4)
    return add(sum, 4);
}).then((sum2) => {
    console.log(sum2); // Will print 7
}).catch((e) => {
    console.log(e);
});

• Async-Await - syntactic sugar over promises

  const doWork = async () => {
  const sum = await add(1, 99) const sum2 = await add(sum, 50) const sum3 = await add(sum2, 3) return sum3
  }
  doWork().then((result) => {
    console.log('result', result)
  }).catch((e) => {
    console.log('e', e)
  })
  

Web Server and Application Deployment

https://github.com/anuragkapur/udemy-node-web-server contains example code using the following:

• Express
  • Middleware is called in order of declaration in the code
    • The files under /public are still rendered in the following code, even though we have setup the middleware to render a maintenance page in the code sample below: ```javascript const server = express();

    hbs.registerPartials(__dirname + ‘/views/partials’); server.use(express.static(‘public’)); server.set(‘view engine’, ‘hbs’); // maintenance middleware server.use((req, res, next) => { res.render(‘maintenance.hbs’, { pageTitle: ‘Maintenance Page’ }); }); ``` To remedy this, simply move the call to server.use(express.static('public')) to after the maintenance middleware declaration.

• Handlebars
  • Partials for sharing code across html templates, example for header/footer code
  • Helper functions
• Express Middleware
  • Like servlet filters in java

    app.use((req, res, next) => {
    // do something useful with the req and/or res
    next();
    });
    

Testing Node Applications

http://mochajs.org/
https://jestjs.io/
https://www.npmjs.com/package/supertest
https://github.com/anuragkapur/udemy-node-tests

• Using nodemon to run tests automatically when a file changes

    nodemon --exec 'npm test'
  

  Or, add the following script to the package.json file

    "test-watch": "nodemon --exec \"npm test\""
  

  and then in the bash shell,

    $ npm run test-watch
  

• Assertion library - Expect

• Testing async methods - using done()

  it('should square the number asynchronously', (done) => {
  utils.asyncSquare(3, (result) => {
    expect(result).toBe(9).toBeA('number');
    done();
  })
  });
  

• Supertest - Express app testing library

  it('should get users and the response should contain expected user in users array', (done) => {
  request(app)
    .get('/users')
    .expect(200)
    .expect((response) => {
      expect(response.body).toInclude({
        name: 'Anurag Kapur',
        location: 'London'
      })
    })
    .end(done);
  });
  

• Mocking node modules using jest - https://jestjs.io/docs/en/manual-mocks

• Spies for unit testing
  • Rewire
    ```javascript const rewire = require(‘rewire’); const expect = require(‘expect’);

  const app = rewire(‘./app’);

  describe(‘App’, () => {

  const db = {
    saveUser: expect.createSpy()
  };
  app.__set__('db', db);
  
  it('should call saveUser with user object', () => {
    const email = 'anurag@example.com';
    const password = 'password';
    app.handleSignup(email, password);
    expect(db.saveUser).toHaveBeenCalledWith({email, password});
  });   });   ```
  

MongoDB, Mongoose and Rest API

• MongoDB Node.js driver
• Object/Document relationships ```javascript const Todo = mongoose.model(‘Todo’, { description: { type: String, trim: true, required: true }, owner: { type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, required: true, ref: ‘User’ } });

userSchema.virtual(‘todos’, { ref: ‘Todo’, localField: ‘_id’, foreignField: ‘owner’ });

user.populate(‘todos’).execPopulate();

* Add automatic timestamps to docs
```javascript
const todoSchema = new Schema(
    {
        description: {
            type: String,
            trim: true,
            required: true
        }
    }, {
        timestamps: true
    }
);

const Todo = mongoose.model('Todo', todoSchema);

Handling File Uploads

• Express ecosystem library - Multer
• Sample code implemented - https://github.com/anuragkapur/udemy-node-todo-api/blob/106eec6ef6898a442ab4b85905b9e9fe9ea0183c/src/router/users.js#L81

Realtime Applications

https://github.com/anuragkapur/udemy-node-chat-app

• On the client, socket.emit emits an event to the server. On the server, both socket.emit and io.emit can be used. socket.emit sends an event to that specific client, while io.emit sends an event to all connected clients.

• Events can be broadcasted from the server using socket.broadcast.emit. This event will get sent to all sockets except the one that broadcasted the event.

  io.on('connection', (socket) => {
    socket.broadcast.emit('message', 'A new user has joined!')
  })
  

• Socket.io rooms https://socket.io/docs/rooms-and-namespaces/#Rooms